![]() ![]() According to Treisman, words that are common or especially important, such as the listener's name, have low thresholds, so even a weak signal in the unattended channel can activate that word, and we hear our name from across the room. The dictionary unit contains stored words, each of which has a threshold for being activated. ![]() The final output of the system is determined in the second stage, when the message is analyzed by the dictionary unit. Once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, both messages are let through the attenuator, but the attended message emerges at full strength and the unattended messages are attenuated - they are still present, but are weaker than the attended message. The attenuator analyzes the incoming messages in terms of (1) its physical characteristics - whether it is high-pitched or low-pitched, fast or slow (2) its language - how the message groups into syllables or words and (3) its meaning - how sequences of words create meaningful phrases. Treisman proposed that selection occurs in two stages, and she replaced Broadbent's filter with an attenuator. Clearly, the person's name had not been filtered out and, most important, it had been analyzed enough to determine its meaningĪnne Treisman proposed a modification of Broadbent's theory. Moray's participants had recognized their names even though, according to Broadbent's theory, the filter is supposed to let through only one message, based on its physical characteristics. Other dichotic listening experiments have confirmed this lack of awareness of most of the information being presented to the unattended ear This phenomenon, in which a person is selectively listening to one message among many yet hears his or her name or some other distinctive message such as "Fire!" that is not being attended, is called the cocktail party effect. They could not report the content of the message. however, when asked what they had heard in the unattended ear, participants could say only that they could tell there was a message and could identify it as a male or female voice. ![]() As Cherry's participants shadowed the attended message, the other message was stimulating auditory receptors within the unattended ear. in a selective attention experiment, participants are instructed to pay attention to the message presented to one ear (the attended message), repeating it out loud as they are hearing it, and to ignore the message presented to the other ear (the unattended message). A complete theory of auditory attention must account for the mechanisms by which selective attention is achieved, the causes of auditory distraction, and the reasons why individuals might differ in their ability in both cases.In a dichotic listening experiment, different messages are presented to the two ears. In parallel, the causes of auditory distraction-and how to try to avoid it where necessary-have also been subject to scrutiny. The scientific study of auditory attention has been driven by such practical problems: how people somehow manage to select the most interesting or most relevant speaker from the competing auditory demands made by the speech of others or isolate the music of the band from the chatter of the nightclub. Additionally, irrelevant or unwanted chatter or other background noise should not hinder concentration on matters of greater interest or importance-students should ideally be able to study effectively despite noisy classrooms or university halls while still being open to the possibility of important interruptions from elsewhere. Nevertheless, people somehow have to identify, from among the babble that surrounds them, the sounds and speech of interest and importance and to follow the thread of a chosen speaker in a crowded auditory environment. On the other, alarms are usually auditory for a reason. On the one hand, soft background music or environmental sounds, such as birdsong or the noise of waves against the beach, is often comfortingly pleasurable or reassuring. Unlike vision, it is not possible simply to “close our ears” and shut out the auditory world and nor, in many cases, is it desirable. Everywhere there is the sound of human speech-from the casual chatter of strangers and the unwanted intrusion from electronic devices through to the conversations with friends and loved ones one may actually wish to hear. Streets are cacophonies of traffic noise homes and workplaces are replete with bleeping timers, announcements, and alarms. ![]()
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